Linux常用命令-yum

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命令

yum

描述

Yellowdog Updater Modified
在线安装软件包

用法

1
yum [options] command [package ...]

选项

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Options:
List of Commands:
check-update   检查是否有可用的软件包更新
clean          删除缓存
deplist        显示软件包的依赖关系
downgrade      降级软件包
remove         删除软件包
groups         显示或管理软件包组
history        显示或管理安装历史
info           显示软件包详情
install        安装软件包
list           显示所有软件包
load-transaction  从文件名加载以保存的事务,一般为/tmp/yum_save_tx.*文件
makecache      生成镜像源的软件包缓存
provides       查询指定命令是由哪个软件包提供的
reinstall      重新安装软件包
repolist       显示软件源信息
search         搜索软件包
shell          进入yum交互模式
swap           Simple way to swap packages, instead of using shell
update         更新软件包,包括系统版本和内核
upgrade        更新软件包

Options:
  -c [config file]      指定yum配置文件
  --showduplicates      显示列表或搜索命令中的重复项
  -q, --quiet           精简显示安装过程
  -v, --verbose         显示详情
  -y, --assumeyes       出现提示时自动输入yes
  --assumeno            出现提示时自动输入no
  --installroot=[path]  指定安装的根目录
  --enablerepo=[repo]   启用软件源,支持通配符
  --disablerepo=[repo]  禁用软件源,支持通配符
  -x [package], --exclude=[package]  排除指定软件包
  --noplugins           禁用插件
  --nogpgcheck          禁用gpg检查
  --skip-broken         跳过错误的包
  --downloadonly        只下载软件包
  --downloaddir=DLDIR   指定下载软件包的存储路径
  --bugfix              在更新中包含与bug修复相关的包
  --security            在更新中包括与安全相关的包

注意

名称说明: 软件源=软件仓库=镜像仓库
yum配置文件/etc/yum.conf,yum源目录/etc/yum.repos.d/
yum支持安装本地rpm包并自动解决依赖关系yum install xxx.rpm
yum命令存在bug,目前在新系统(8.0+)上已被最新的安装工具dnf命令替代

示例

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# 更新yum源之后使用以下命令生成缓存
$ yum clean all
$ yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
base                                                                            | 3.6 kB  00:00:00
epel                                                                            | 4.7 kB  00:00:00
extras                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00
mysql-connectors-community                                                      | 2.6 kB  00:00:00
mysql-tools-community                                                           | 2.6 kB  00:00:00
mysql80-community                                                               | 2.6 kB  00:00:00
updates                                                                         | 2.9 kB  00:00:00
Metadata Cache Created
# 查看yum源
$ yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                                   repo name                                              status
base/7/x86_64                             CentOS-7 - Base                                        10,072
epel/x86_64                               Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64         13,551
extras/7/x86_64                           CentOS-7 - Extras                                         453
mysql-connectors-community/x86_64         MySQL Connectors Community                                185
mysql-tools-community/x86_64              MySQL Tools Community                                     123
mysql80-community/x86_64                  MySQL 8.0 Community Server                                229
updates/7/x86_64                          CentOS-7 - Updates                                      1,729
# 查看指定yum仓库的详细信息,包括仓库更新时间和仓库大小
$ yum -v repolist base
Loading "fastestmirror" plugin
Config time: 0.008
Yum version: 3.4.3
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Setting up Package Sacks
pkgsack time: 0.011
Repo-id      : base/7/x86_64
Repo-name    : CentOS-7 - Base
Repo-status  : enabled
Repo-revision: 1604001756
Repo-updated : Fri Oct 30 04:03:00 2020
Repo-pkgs    : 10,072
Repo-size    : 8.9 G
Repo-baseurl : https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/
Repo-expire  : 21,600 second(s) (last: Mon Jan 17 09:37:51 2022)
  Filter     : read-only:present
Repo-filename: /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
repolist: 10,072

# 搜索软件包
$ yum search mysql
# 查看软件包详情
$ yum info mysql-community-client.x86_64
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
Name        : mysql-community-client
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 8.0.23
Release     : 1.el7
Size        : 48 M
Repo        : mysql80-community/x86_64
Summary     : MySQL database client applications and tools
URL         : http://www.mysql.com/
License     : Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Under GPLv2 license as shown in
            : the Description field.
Description : This package contains the standard MySQL clients and administration
            : tools.
# 安装软件包
$ yum -y install mysql-community-client.x86_64
...
# 查看安装历史
$ yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID     | Login user               | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    12 | root <root>              | 2021-03-11 20:02 | Install        |    4
    11 | root <root>              | 2021-03-05 10:22 | Erase          |    7 EE
    10 | root <root>              | 2021-03-04 22:06 | Install        |    1
     9 | root <root>              | 2021-03-04 21:55 | I, O           |    7 EE
     8 | root <root>              | 2021-03-04 18:31 | Install        |    1
     7 | root <root>              | 2021-03-03 17:05 | Install        |    1
     6 | root <root>              | 2021-01-11 12:39 | Install        |    9
     5 | root <root>              | 2021-01-07 14:50 | Install        |   82
     4 | root <root>              | 2021-01-07 22:50 | Install        |    2
     3 | root <root>              | 2021-01-07 22:48 | I, U           |   53 EE
     2 | root <root>              | 2021-01-07 22:47 | Install        |    1
     1 | System <unset>           | 2020-11-27 05:42 | Install        |  299
# 查看指定安装记录
$ yum history info 12
# 回退安装历史,即删除指定安装记录中的软件包
$ yum history undo 12
# 删除指定软件包
$ yum remove mysql80-community-release.noarch

# 显示所有yum源的软件包,过滤vim
$ yum list all | grep vim
vim-common.x86_64                         2:7.4.629-8.el7_9            @updates
vim-enhanced.x86_64                       2:7.4.629-8.el7_9            @updates
vim-filesystem.x86_64                     2:7.4.629-8.el7_9            @updates
vim-minimal.x86_64                        2:7.4.629-8.el7_9            @updates
beakerlib-vim-syntax.noarch               1.25-1.el7                   epel
boxes-vim.noarch                          1.3-4.el7                    epel
fluxbox-vim-syntax.noarch                 1.3.7-1.el7                  epel
geany-plugins-vimode.x86_64               1.36-1.el7                   epel
neovim.x86_64                             0.3.0-2.el7                  epel
protobuf-vim.x86_64                       2.5.0-8.el7                  base
python2-neovim.noarch                     0.3.2-1.el7                  epel
python36-neovim.noarch                    0.3.2-1.el7                  epel
vim-X11.x86_64                            2:7.4.629-8.el7_9            updates
vim-ansible.noarch                        3.0-1.el7                    epel
vim-fugitive.noarch                       2.5-1.el7                    epel
vim-go.x86_64                             1.8-3.el7                    epel
vim-gtk-syntax.noarch                     20130716-1.el7               epel
vim-halibut.noarch                        1.2-1.el7                    epel
vim-jellybeans.noarch                     1.7-1.el7                    epel
vim-toml.noarch                           0-0.2.20180615git85ba827.el7 epel
vim-trailing-whitespace.noarch            1.0-1.20191209git6b7cdec.el7 epel
vim-vimoutliner.noarch                    0.4.0-8.el7                  epel
xtuple-csvimp.x86_64                      0.5.4-8.el7                  epel
xtuple-csvimp-devel.x86_64                0.5.4-8.el7                  epel
# 只显示安装的软件包,过滤vim
$ yum list installed | grep vim
vim-common.x86_64                    2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                @updates
vim-enhanced.x86_64                  2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                @updates
vim-filesystem.x86_64                2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                @updates
vim-minimal.x86_64                   2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                @updates
# 查看指定命令在哪个软件包中,命令可以是不存在的
$ yum provides killall
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
psmisc-22.20-17.el7.x86_64 : Utilities for managing processes on your system
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/killall
# 更新软件
$ yum update
# 排除kernel等相关包更新
$ yum --exclude "kernel* centos-release* linux-firmware*" update

# 解决gcc依赖关系,安装当前内核版本的kernel相关软件包
$ yum kernel-headers-$(uname -r) kernel-devel-$(uname -r)
# 永久禁止更新内核和系统版本文件/etc/centos-release
$ sed -i '/distroverpkg/a\exclude=kernel* centos-release* linux-firmware*' /etc/yum.conf

# 提取rpm包中的文件
# 下载rpm包
# 使用yumdownloader命令下载,默认下载到当前目录
yum install yum-utils
yumdownloader openssh
# 或者使用yum命令下载,未安装的包用install,已经安装的包用reinstall
# 如果未指定目录则默认目录为/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/updates/packages/
yum --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp install wget
yum --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp reinstall openssh openssh-server

# 查看rpm包中的文件列表
rpm -qpl /tmp/openssh-server-7.4p1-22.el7_9.x86_64.rpm
# 或者使用rpm2cpio和cpio命令查看
rpm2cpio openssh-7.4p1-22.el7_9.x86_64.rpm |cpio -t
rpm2cpio openssh-7.4p1-22.el7_9.x86_64.rpm |cpio -t |grep bin

# 解压或提取rpm包中的文件,注意指定的文件路径前面必须有./,即通过cpio -t所显示的文件路径
rpm2cpio openssh-7.4p1-22.el7_9.x86_64.rpm |cpio -idmv
rpm2cpio openssh-server-7.4p1-22.el7_9.x86_64.rpm |cpio -idv ./etc/ssh/sshd_config